Linkage to Poverty and Employment Generation

The impact on low income individual’s access to infrastructure depends on
the potions available, and the poor as a group have fewer or less
attractive options than the rich.
Alternative sources of service may be unavailable or unaffordable to the
poor.
Alternative sources such as water pump, private transport, kerosene
stoves or lighting or by moving to a better served nabourhood.
Public policies should aim at increasing the range of affordable options for
services of the type & quality required by the poor.

Impact on Technological Innovation
Information is considered a factor of production by itself and activities
involved with the processing & generation of information account for one
third to half of GDP & employment in OECD countries, and a growing
share of GDP in the modern sectors of LDCs.
Technological change, which has drastically reduced the cost of
communicating & expands the range of s services available, has also
reduced costs of transportation & many other telecommunications using
activities.

Employment Generation
To improve the welfare of the organized & unorganized labor, State could
consider some of the following options.
1. Promote small scale industries.
2. Increase the number of employment exchanges and job placement
agencies.
3. Facilitate investments by private sector for investements in vocational
training.
4. Promote training institutions & provide incentives for entrepreneurial
development.
5. Provide group insurance schemes for agriculture, construction and
unorganized workers.
 Government initiatives - Employment
Following are the different schemes developed by the Government.
1) JRY Jawahar Rajgor Yojana
2) SJSRY Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana
3) TRYSEM Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment
4) PMGY Pradhan Manti’s Gramodaya Yojana
Jawahar Rajgor Yojana (JRY)
In April 1989, GOI launched JRY after merging the National Rural
Employment Programme & Rural Landless Employment Guarantee
Programme.
The Second stream of JRY – Intensified Jawahar Rojgar Yojana – was
added in 1993 – 94.
The Third Stream of JRY – Innovative and Special Employment Scheme
(ISES), which was project specific.
Later JRY was modified to the Jawahar Gram Samriddhi Yojana.
The primary objective of these schemes is to provide employment to the
unemployed in the rural areas.
The secondary objective is the creation of sustained employment by
strengthening the rural economic infrastructure, creating community &
social assets, positive impact on wage levels & over all improvement in
the quality of life in rural Ares.
Income generating assets are created through a mix of bank credit.
The Ministry of Rural Development & Employment, GOI, administers
these schemes.
At the state level, the schemes are administrated by the rural department.
The commissioner Rural Development Department controls the
implementation & monitors the schemes.
District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) headed by the District
Magistrate in each district are responsible for implementation,
coordination and monitoring of the scheme in each district through
Panchayati Raj institutions & other executing agencies.
Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rojgar Yojana (SJSRY)
SJSRY aimed at providing gainful employment to urban employment and
unemployed.
SJSRY is funded on 75:25 bases between the center & the State.
Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM)
The objective of this programme is to provide basic technical and
entrepreneurial skills to rural youth from families below the poverty line to
enable them to take up self employment/wage employment in the broad
fields of agriculture and allied sectors.
The target groups for this scheme are rural youths in the age group of 18-
35 years.
Pradhan Mantri’s Gramodaya Yojana (PMGY)
This scheme would focus on the creation of social & economical
infrastructure with the objective of improving the quality of life of people
especially in rural areas.
Programs related t health, education, drinking water; housing & rural
roads would be undertaken within this programme.
PMGY would have two components programme for rural connectivity with
50 % allocation and other programmes of primary health, primary
education, shelter, drinking water & nutrition being accorded the remaining